Pottery is one of the most ancient crafts on Earth. It was practiced in the lands which are currently known as Belarus from the pre-historic times. The slavic tribes has started to settle here since VII century assimilating baltic tribes that were populating these lands before - Yatviangians, Lits etc. Thus Belarusian ceramic tradition is Slavic and Baltic in its origin. The potter's wheel has appeared in our lands in X century. Before it all ceramics was hand plastered. Hand plastering technique has survived in Paniamonnie (Litvanian lands in the basin of the Nioman river) to these days.
During the days of Kievan Rus' (X-XII cc.) the main centers of ceramic crafts were ancient Belarusian cities of Polacak, Turau, Smaliensk principalities and the towns of Paniamonnie. Later in XIII-XVII cc Belarusian lands were in the heart of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' and Samojitia (GDL). Numerous craftsmanships have flourished in GDL. It is at this time the belarusian ceramic craft is reaching its heights. Belarus begins to export ceramics abroad to Moscow, Warsaw, Kyiv. Many belarusian craftsmen were captured and forced to move to Muscovy during its XVII c. wars with GDL. Such Pokrovski Cathedral in Izmajlovo, Nadbramnaia Church in Andreevski Monastery, Teremnoj Palace and the Savior Church behind the Golden Fence of Moscow Kremlin are all decorated by belarusian craftsmen. The most known centers of ceramic craftsmanship at this time were Hrodna, Streshyn, Biarescie, Miensk, Polacak, Kamianec, Kapyl', Mir, Shklow, Slucak, Klecak, Viciebsk, Dzisna, Krychau, Kopys', Kreva, Mahilyow, Lahojsk, Dubrouna.
In XVIII-XiX cc. Belarusian Ceramic Tiles (Kaflia) were famous a long way from Belarus and deserve a special page.
In XIX c. - beginning of XX c. the most known centers of ceramics were in Babinavichy, Babrujsk, Barysau, Blahauka, Viciebsk, Hlybokae, Horki, Darasino, Dzisna, Dubrouna, Ivianiec, Kasciukovichy, Kopys', Krychau, Kreva, Licvinavichy, Mahilyow, Miensk, Mir, Pahost-Zaharodski, Porazava, Rakau, Ruzhany, Siniauka, Chashniki, Ekiman', etc. The largest centers were Haradnaia and Pruzhany - each having more than 200 masters. At these time about 4,500 ceramic masters worked in Belarus.
After 1930 independent ceramic craftsmen were considered by communists as an "embryo of capitalism" and were either united into state enterprises or extinct. Currently the main state enterprise in Belarus is consortium "Belaruskaia Mastackaia Keramika". The main centers where traditional ceramic craft has survived are: Haradnaia (Stolin region), Drybin (Horki region), Novae Vil'ianova (Shklow region), Porazava (Svislach region), Ruzhany (Pruzhany region) and the town of Braslau.
The most sophisticated ceramic tradition is known to be in Southern Belarus and has in fact much in common with Valyn' (Ukraine) ceramic tradition. On the contrary, in the Northern Belarus more archaic traditions have survived sometimes dating as far as Iron Age. Very often the whole village is specialized traditionally in ceramics of a special type. And thus different types of ceramics are often named by the name of the village where it is traditionally made - "Haradnianskaya", "Ivianeckaia", "Rakauskaia", "Chashnickaia", "Siniauskaia", "Ruzhanskaia", "Pruzhanskaia", "Porazauskaia", "Mirskaia", "Zaslauskaia", "Doobrovenskaia", "Dzisenskaia", "Darasinskaia", etc.
Several mechanical and chemical methods are used to post process ceramics for decorative and strengthening purposes also resulting in different types of ceramics - "hartavanaia", "palivanaia". "chorna-zadymlenaia", "hliancavanaia", etc.
The main types of ceramic vessels made in Belarus were the following.
"Sparysh" - is a double or triple pot of the same or different size with one big handle on top. They were used to bring the meal into the field to working peasants during the day.
"Sloi" or "sloik" is a big tall pot with a wide mouth designed to be covered with cover or wrapped on top. These were the ancient jars up to 20Liters in volume. They were used to store grain, marinate and pickle vegetables and mushrooms, store milk and sour cream. They were usually made as "palivanaia" ceramics. Salt was traditionally stored in wooden "sloiks" - "sal'nicy".
"Miska" - is a deep ceramic (or wooden) plate used to eat food from. It is one of the oldest forms of ceramic products known from "Bronze Age" on the territory of Belarus. The most typical were made as "palivanaia" and "chorna-zadymlenaia" ceramics. They were normally strongly decorated.
"Makacer" - has its name from one of its original functions - grinding poppy seed. It is a low pot with narrow base and wide mouth. It had different versions - "na mak" had a fine grid made by a sharp stick on the inside surface before firing it in the furnace. This grid helped to grind poppy seed or hemp seed to extract hemp oil. "Makacer na bliny" had two handles and was used to prepare mix for pancakes and bread. They were prepared out of heat-resistant ceramics to bake things in the oven.
"Harshok"- is taller than "makacer" and has less wide mouth. This is the main ceramic container used in cooking. Most of the Belarusian food was cooked in "harshok" placed inside of the oven.
"Latooshka" - is a traditional wide ceramic plate with tall sides used to cook meat round or oval in shape (a Belarusian version of casserole).
"Zban" - is a ceramic jug or a pitcher used to store liquids. It has a wide mouth and one handle. The variation without a handle is called "Harlach".
"Kvetnik" is a variation of small "harlach" or "zban" used to put flowers in.
"Hliak" - a narrow mouth round pitcher used to store and transport oil, water and drinks (for example a rye bread based drink - "kvas"). |
"Chorna-zadymlenaya" - "black-smoked" ceramics is probably the most famous and the most ancient type. This kind of ceramics was produced by our ancestors already in the Iron Age. This ceramic is black with bluish tint. At the end of the firing of this type of ceramics it is "smoked" in the oven with restricted ventilation using the benches of trees with excess of resin. This creates in the oven or furnace the gas environment with an high carbon content which reacted with iron oxides in the clay coloring ceramics in black. The only person who still remembers the secrets of this method is I. Shopik in the village of Porazava (Svislach region, Hrodna voblasc'). He is near 90 now. And no one wants to learn them from him. This type of ceramics is known among all Slavs. But in Russia and Ukraine the secrets of its production are long lost. So the situation is rather desperate.
"Chorna-hliancavanaia" ceramics is a variation of "Chorna-zadymlienaia". "Hliancavannie" is a process where dried up raw ceramics is decorated by lapping it with smooth flint stone. Then after burning it as "charna-zadymlenaia" the resulting ceramics is decorated with a black glossy ornament on a general black matte background. "Charna-hliancavanaia" is less ancient and is probably one of the two most common types of ceramics in Belarus. Left to right respectively are: zban, harshok, harliak and makacer.
"Hartavanaia" or "abvarnaia" ceramics was made when the hot ceramics straight from the oven was immersed into special liquid - "abvara". This was done to minimize porosity of the ceramics. Depending on the recipe of "abvara" the resulting ceramics looked as light brown with dark brown or black spots. That is why it is also sometimes referred as "Rabaia" (Engl.: "spotted"). "Abvara - is a solution ("bautuha") for tempering red hot clay ceramics straight out of the oven. Other local names are "padzhoha" and "pazhoha" (A.A. - both words have roots "burn"). It was made out of rare solution of rye and wheat flower in water, often with addition of beet juice or sour kraut juice, mixed in flux or hemp "trasta" (A.A. - left over mass of crushed blended seeds after squeezing out flux and hemp oil out of it), powdered wooden coals, chimney ashes. In XIX- early XX centuries - it was used mainly by village pot makers of Northern and Central Belarus". Such ceramics is still made in the village of Hanevichi (Kleck region).
The glossy "Palivanaia" (Engl.: "doused") ceramics is covered with a thin glassified layer - "paliva" - for decorative purposes and mechanical strength. It is known in Belarus since XII c. The decorative tiles of "palivanaia" ceramics are found on the floors of ancient churches in Hrodna, Polacak, Turau and Pinsk. The ceramics was covered with "paliva" before firing it in two ways - liquid solution (North-western Belarus) or powder (Eastern Belarus). In the second method ceramics was first covered with tar to make it sticky, then it was powdered by "paliva" and burned in a furnace. The decorative effects were made in different ways. At times it was made "palivanaia" only partially (inside, top parts). Usually the glassified layer was clear resulting in a light brown "clay" color. But sometimes the differences in the local temperature in furnace resulted in green spots on the ceramics. This "palivanaia" ceramics covered with green spots - "u iablykah" (Engl.:"in apples") was especially valued.
The three harlachs are made by means of charna-hliancavanaia, palivanaia (partially) and hartavanaia techniques (left to right)..
"Haradnianskaya" - ceramics from Haradnaia village, Stolin region. Left to right are: zban, harliak, miska and hliak.
"Fliandravanaia" ceramics is the second most common type of ceramics in Belarus. This fliandravanaia ceramics was made in the village of Ivianec, Valozhyn region. "Fliandrouka" is the method when the fresh paint on the surface of the vessel is turned into periodic parallel lines or zigzag ornaments with a comb. Depicted are three zbans (left) and hliak (right). The glossy coating is made by "palivanaia" method.
Another sample of ceramics from Ivianets, Valozhyn region. It is sometimes called "Ivianeckaia" ceramics. Left to right front row: two small harshoks and miska; back row hliak, zban and two more hliaks.
"Rakauskaia" - ceramics from Rakau, Valozhyn region. THe shapes of the vessels were very specialized. Here we see "Zban", "hliak" and "sloik". They were used for milk, water and making cream, respectively.
Clay toys (Bel.:"cacki") and especially toy-whistles (Bel.:"svisciolki"), are rather usual things for kids in Belarus even nowadays. Although plastics are recently often replacing ceramics :-( They can come in all methods and styles that are characteristic to each of the regions.
One of the craftsmanship "magicians" - master P. Shmatko is making her toys for another generation of Belarusian children.
References used:
Sahuta Ja.M. "Narodnaje mastactva Belarusi" ("Folk Art of Belarus")
Publishing house "Bielaruskaja Encyklapiedyja" named after Piatrus' Brouka, Minsk, 1997- 287 pages.
ISBN 985-11-0075-7
"Etnahrafiia Belarusi" Encyclopedia ("Ethnography of Belarus")
Publishing house "Belarusian Soviet Encyklapiedyja" named after Piatrus' Brouka, Minsk, 1989.
575 pages.
ISBN 5-85700-014-9
Source
